The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction Commercial Development Historical Background 2. Indirect Coal Liquefaction Preparation of Synthesis Gas Co...
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ash and sulphur content than the original coal. The SRCII process, however, was to produce distillate products; the distinguishing characteristic of the process was the recycle of vacuum bottoms. Two other direct coal liquefaction processes were under development in the USA at the same time: the Exxon Donor Solvent (EDS) process and the HCoal ...
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Pyrite addition to a coal liquefaction process (22, 26) is controlled (118) in inverse proportion to the calcium content of the feed coal to maximize the F. ( C.) liquid yield per unit weight of pyrite added (110). The pyrite addition is controlled in this manner so as to minimize the amount of pyrite used and ...
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The growing demand for petroleum, accompanied by the declining petroleum reserves and the concerns over energy security, has intensified the interest in direct coal liquefaction (DCL), particularly in countries such as China which is rich in coal resources, but short of petroleum. In addition to a general introduction on the mechanisms and processes of DCL, this paper overviews some recent ...
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Direct coal liquefaction residue (DCLR) is a byproduct of coaltoliquid technology when raw coal is converted into liquid fuel, which is harmful to the ecological environment and human can be developed into a road asphalt modifier via different techniques, that can improve and enhance asphalt performance. In this paper, the global research status of DCLR in asphalt pavement is ...
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All direct coal liquefaction methods, such as HCoal, SolventRefined Coal, and Exxon Donor Solvent processes, are alike in one principal point: coal is thermally solubilized with certain solvents, usually coalderived, with or without catalysts. If heated in a proper liquid for a short time, most of the coal dissolves.
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[1] The indirect route is composed of 2 steps: First, coal is gasified with steam and oxygen to produce a synthesis gas (syngas), which is then cleaned to rid of dust, tar, and acid gases.
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Coal liquefaction is the process of making a liquid fuel from coal. The fundamental difference between coal, a solid, and liquid fuels is that the liquid fuels have a higher hydrogen:carbon ratio. Liquid fuels have lower ash contents and are easier to upgrade (, to remove unwanted impurities such as nitrogen and sulfur).
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One of several direct liquefaction processes currently under advanced stages of development is the SolventRefined CoalI (SRCI) process. A major SRC1 product option is a low sulfur, low ash solid (SRC) which could be used as an electric utility boiler fuel much in the same manner that pulverized coal is currently fired in this type of combustion equipment.
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Since the late 1970s, coal liquefaction processes have been developed into integrated twostage processes, in which coal is liquefied in the presence of hydrogen in the first stage and the products are upgraded in the second stage.
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The 150t/day NEDOL coal liquefaction pilot plant (PP) has validated the superior technical features with a highly active liquefaction catalyst and hydrogen donor solvent. The operation runs without any serious trouble and was successfully executed from March 1997 to September 1998. The results were integrated as a "technical package" and the RD is transferred to a commercializing phase.
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This COconversion process generates CO 2, which is captured before it is released via an adsorption process at a purity as high as 90%. The other route is the power and steam consumption for ICLs. The generation of power and steam via coal combustion leads to carbon emissions with CO 2 concentrations in the range of 10~20% in the exhaust gas.
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Coal liquefaction residue (CLR) is usually categorized as hazardous waste, which is inevitably generated during the coalliquefaction process. Studies show that CLR has a high calorific value and can be used to decrease coal consumption during the cofiring process. In this regard, field tests were carried out to study the emission and ...
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Liquefaction. Liquefaction is the process of converting solid coal into liquid fuels. The main difference between naturally occurring petroleum fuels and coal is the deficiency of hydrogen in the latter: coal contains only about half the amount found in petroleum. Therefore, conversion of coal into liquid fuels involves the addition of hydrogen.
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Coalfired plants have a far more difficult and expensive task ... Jun 1, 2009 by POWER. Also In This Issue. June 1, 2009. ... (A to B) and the typical liquefaction process (A to C) as design ...
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Investigation of the nonintegrated twostage coal liquefaction (NTSL) process was initiated at the Wilsonville Advanced Coal Liquefaction R and D Facility during May 1981 when the HOil hydrotreating unit came successfully online. The primary objective of this investigation is the development of a commercially feasible method of efficient ...
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Liquefaction. In materials science, liquefaction [1] is a process that generates a liquid from a solid or a gas [2] or that generates a nonliquid phase which behaves in accordance with fluid dynamics. [3] It occurs both naturally and artificially. As an example of the latter, a "major commercial application of liquefaction is the liquefaction ...
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A typical liquefaction process, NEDOL process, applied 728 K, 17 MPa, a metal catalyst, and a hydrogen supplier solvent for the coal depolymerization. A significant problem of coal liquefaction is that the conditions are too severe, so the cost of the heat energy and plant device is too high to be commercialized.
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Coal Resources, Production and Use in Indonesia. Stanford, in The Coal Handbook: Towards Cleaner Production: Coal Utilisation, 2013 Coal liquefaction. Coal to Liquids (CTL) is at feasibility stage in Indonesia for several processes. had expressed interest in developing their FischerTropsch indirect process in Indonesia.
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In the process of liquefaction, its specific heat varies significantly over temperature, depending on the pressure and composition. Unconventional gas sources are often quite different in composition from conventional gas. For example, coalbed methane and shale gas are both poor gases with high methane content.
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Petroleum gas production. For producing petroleum gas, the optimal advanced oil processing ratio is 20:5:17 (advanced oil processing : heavy oil cracking : light oil cracking), and 8:2:7 is close enough. Using coal liquefaction, the ratio is 60:39:55 (coal liquefaction : heavy oil cracking : light oil cracking), and 12:8:11 is close enough.
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Direct coal liquefaction residue (DCLR) is, commonly, designed to be used as a feed stock for gasification or combustion. Use of DCLR as a value added product is very important for improving overall economy of direct coal liquefaction processes. This study shows that the DCLR may be used as a pavement asphalt modifier. The modification ability is similar to that of Trinidad Lake Asphalt (TLA ...
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The direct coal liquefaction process usually produces a liquefaction residue of about 30% of its coal feed. The effective utilization of the coal liquefaction residue (CLR), which contains about 80% organic matter, is of great significance for improving the oil yield of the direct liquefaction process and reducing the amount of pollution emitted from this oilcontaining organic solid waste. In ...
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Progress on US ERDA's coal liquefaction research and development programs is reported. This included operation of the SRC pilot plant to produce 400 tons of specification solventrefined coal, process development efforts related to the Synthoil process, site selection and engineering for the Hcoal process pilot plant, and renovation of the Cresap test facility (for testing components).
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article{osti_, title = {Novel use of residue from direct coal liquefaction process}, author = {Yang, Jianli and Wang, Zhaixia and Liu, Zhenyu and Zhang, Yuzhen}, abstractNote = {Direct coal liquefaction residue (DCLR) is, commonly, designed to be used as a feed stock for gasification or combustion. Use of DCLR as a value added product is very important for improving overall economy of ...
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Indirect liquefaction requires an intermediate gasification of the solid coal to form a synthesis gas, which is then converted to the liquid product. This process results in the complete dismantling of the coal structure. direct liquefaction, coal is exposed directly to hydrogen at high temperatures (450C) and high pressures (kPa ...
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Even though the process is currently not in use, it has contributed immensely to the development of catalytic coal liquefaction technology. The process involves the catalytic conversion of coal (slurried with heavy oil) in the presence of hydrogen and an iron oxide catalyst, at 450°C500°C and 200690 bars (197681 atm, or 2069 MPa).
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